REVIEW PAPER
The safety of motorcycle users
1
Department of Automotive Engineering and Transport, Kielce University of Technology, Polska
Submission date: 2023-06-11
Final revision date: 2023-09-22
Acceptance date: 2023-09-25
Publication date: 2023-09-29
Corresponding author
Antoni Bańkowski
Department of Automotive Engineering and Transport, Kielce University of Technology, Al. Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, 25-314, Kielce, Polska
Department of Automotive Engineering and Transport, Kielce University of Technology, Al. Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, 25-314, Kielce, Polska
The Archives of Automotive Engineering – Archiwum Motoryzacji 2023;101(3):32-49
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
There are more and more motorcycles on the roads. This can be seen, for example, on the basis of statistical data from the Central Statistical Office, where newly registered two-wheelers are presented. Based on the data, it can be seen that there are more and more newly registered motorcycles every year and that there are many road accidents involving two-wheelers. According to data provided by the WHO, as many as 28% of fatalities in road accidents are motorcycle drivers [10]. The article below presents a review of the literature related to motorcycle crash tests and the dummies used for the tests. The work presents the most important standard that regulates how motorcycle crash tests are performed. The main purpose of the article is to draw attention to the problem of safety of motorcycle users. The text describes various crash tests of two-wheelers and stands used for testing motorcycles. The work presents a dummy specially designed for crash tests involving motorcycles. Differences between this dummy and other dummies used have also been described. The paper discusses the literature and describes research related to crash tests.
REFERENCES (44)
1.
Aires C.C.G., Araújo H.T.D., Souza R.R.L.D., Santos A.J.F.D., Vasconcellos R.J.D.H., Vasconcelos B.C.D.E.: Relationship between the use and types of helmets with facial injuries - a prospective study. Revista Do Colégio Brasileiro De Cirurgiões. 2022, 49, e20223387, DOI: 10.1590/0100-6991e-20223387-en.
2.
Amegah M.L., Adanu E.K., Kolawole Ojo T., Bukari S., Asare-Akuffo F.: Exploration of motorcyclists’ red-light running and helmet use at signalized intersections in Ghana. Traffic injury prevention. 2023, 24(1), 94–97, DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2022.2127321.
3.
Bambach M.R., Mitchell R.J., Grzebieta R.H. :The protective effect of roadside barriers for motorcyclists. Traffic injury prevention. 2013, 14(7), 756–765, DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2012.752077.
4.
Barbani D., Baldanzini N., Pierini M.: Development and validation of an FE model for motorcycle–car crash test simulations. International Journal of Crashworthiness. 2014, 19(3), 244–263, DOI: 10.1080/13588265.2013.874672.
5.
Berg F.A., Rucker P., Gartner M., Konig J., Grzebieta R., Zou R.: Motorcycle impacts into roadside barriers-Real-world accident studies, crash tests and simulations carried out in Germany and Australia. Proceedings of the Nineteenth International Conference on Enhanced Safety of Vehicles. Washington, DC, 2005.
6.
Berg F.A., Rücker P., König J.: Motorcycle crash tests—an overview. International Journal of Crashworthiness. 2005, 10(4), 327–339, DOI: 10.1533/ijcr.2005.0349.
7.
Buraczewski P., Jackowski J.: Porównanie metod określania parametrów ruchu pojazdu podczas zderzenia z przeszkodą. XXXI Seminarium Kół Naukowych Wydziału Mechanicznego. 2012.
8.
Catena A.M., Treglia M., Marsella L.T., Locatelli M., Rosato E., Kabir A., et. al.: When the helmet is not enough: forensic multidisciplinary reconstruction of a deadly motorcycle accident. Diagnostics. 2022, 12(10), 2465, DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12102465.
9.
Dąbrowski F., Gidlewski M.: Use of traces of a road accident for determining the pre-impact speeds of the vehicles involved – Results of experimental and simulation tests. The Archives of Automotive Engineering – Archiwum Motoryzacji. 2016, 74(4), 33–46, DOI: 10.14669/AM.VOL74.ART3.
10.
Daniello A., Gabler H.C.: Fatality risk in motorcycle collisions with roadside objects in the United States. Accident Analysis & Prevention. 2011, 43(3), 1167–1170, DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2010.12.027.
11.
Fernandes F.A.O., De Sousa R.A.: Motorcycle helmets—A state of the art review. Accident Analysis & Prevention. 2013, 56, 1–21, DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2013.03.011.
12.
Fernandes F.A.O., Alves de Sousa R.J., Ptak M., Wilhelm J.: Certified Motorcycle Helmets: Computational Evaluation of the Efficacy of Standard Requirements with Finite Element Models. Mathematical and Computational Applications. 2020, 25(1), 12, DOI: 10.3390/mca25010012.
13.
Gidion F., Carroll J., Lubbe N.: Motorcyclist injuries: analysis of German in-depth crash data to identify priorities for injury assessment and prevention. Accident Analysis & Prevention. 2021, 163, 106463, DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2021.106463.
14.
Gidlewski M., Pusty T., Jemioł L., Kochanek H.: Methods for determining the physical quantities describing the vehicle movement and the driver during a road accident. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2022, 1247(1), 012027, DOI 10.1088/1757-899X/1247/1/012027.
15.
Guzek M., Lozia Z.: Possible Errors Occurring During Accident Reconstruction Based on Car “Black Box” Records . SAE Technical Paper. 2002, 90920, DOI: 10.4271/2002-01-0549.
16.
Guzek M., Lozia Z.: Analiza dokładności rekonstrukcji wypadku drogowego wykorzystujących zapisy samochodowej „czarnej skrzynki”. (Analysis of accuracy of accident reconstruction using car black box records). II Konferencja Naukowo-techniczna “Rozwój techniki samochodowej a ubezpieczenia komunikacyjne”. Radom, Poland, 2004.
18.
Jama H.H., Grzebieta R.H., Friswell R., McIntosh A.S.: Characteristics of fatal motorcycle crashes into roadside safety barriers in Australia and New Zealand. Accident Analysis & Prevention. 2011, 43(3), 652–660, DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2010.10.008.
19.
Jaśkiewicz M., Frej D., Tarnapowicz D., Poliak M.: Upper Limb Design of an Anthropometric Crash Test Dummy for Low Impact Rates. Polymers. 2020, 12(11), 2641, DOI: 10.3390/polym12112641.
20.
Jaśkiewicz M., Jurecki R., Witaszek K., Więckowski D.: Overview and analysis of dummies used for crash tests. Zeszyty Naukowe/Akademia Morska w Szczecinie, (Scientific Journals of the Maritime University of Szczecin). 2013, 35(107), 22–31.
21.
Jaskiewicz M., Ludwinek K., Jurecki R., Szumska E., Sulowicz M.: A test stand for the experimental analysis of physical quantities during crash test at low speeds. XI International Science and Technical Conference Automotive Safety. 2018, 1–7, DOI: 10.1109/AUTOSAFE.2018.8373306.
22.
Kongwat S., Nueanim T., Hasegawa H.F.E.: Analysis of Motorcycle Helmet Performance under Severe Accidents. Applied Sciences. 2022, 12(11), 5676, DOI: 10.3390/app12115676.
23.
MIROS 1st outdoor motorcycle crash test: https://oshthejourney.blogspot... (accessed on: 5 June 2023).
24.
Mohammadi E., Azadnajafabad S., Keykhaei M., Shakiba A., Meimand S.E., Shabanan S.H., et. al.: Barriers and factors associated with the use of helmets by Motorcyclists: A scoping review. Accident Analysis & Prevention. 2022, 171, 106667, DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2022.106667.
26.
Motorcycle-Car Side Impact Simulation: http://web.iitd.ac.in/~achawla... (accessed on: 5 June 2023).
27.
Newman J.A., Zellner J.W., Wiley K.D.: A motorcyclist anthropometric test device MATD. Proceedings of the International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impacts, IRCOBI, Berlin, 1991.
28.
Ondruš J., Kolla E.: The impact of ABS system on the braking characteristics of the specified motorcycle on the dry road surface. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2018, 421(2), 022024, DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/421/2/022024.
29.
Ondrus J., Skrucany T., Kolla E.: Comparative braking tests of the motorcycles. Transport Means-Proceedings of the International Conference. 2017, 291–296.
30.
Paula D., Böhm K., Kubjatko T., Schweiger H.G.: Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) experiments for traffic accident reconstruction. Proceedings of 25th International Scientific Conference. Transport Means. 2021.
31.
Peldschus S., Schuller E., Koenig J., Gaertner M., Ruiz D. G., Mansilla A.: Technical bases for the development of a test standard for impacts of powered two-wheelers on roadside barriers. Proceedings of the 20th Enhanced Safety of Vehicles Conference. France, 2007.
32.
Prochowski L., Pusty T.: Analysis of motorcyclist’s body movement during a motorcycle impact against a motor car side. Journal of KONES. 2013, 20(4), 371–379.
33.
Prüfverfahren für die passive Sicherheit motorisierter Zweiräder: https://opus4.hbz-nrw.de/opus4... (accessed on: 5 June 2023).
34.
Pusty T., Lewiński R., Kowieski H.: Motor vehicles' problems with keeping the straight driving direction; analysis of selected case. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2022, 1247, DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/1247/1/012006.
35.
Pusty T., Prochowski L., Gidlewski M.: Experimental research aimed at determining the force and energy of the impact of motorcyclist’s head against a motor car side during a road accident. International journal of safety and security engineering. 2018, 8(1), 20–30, DOI: 10.2495/SAFE-V8-N1-20-30.
36.
Puthan P., Lubbe N., Shaikh J., Sui B., Davidsson J.: Defining crash configurations for Powered Two-Wheelers: Comparing ISO 13232 to recent in-depth crash data from Germany, India and China. Accident Analysis and Prevention. 2021, 151, 105957, DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2020.105957.
37.
Road Accidents - Annual Reports: https://statystyka.policja.pl/... (accessed on: 12 March 2023).
38.
Rozporządzenie (UE) nr 168/2013 w sprawie homologacji i nadzoru rynku pojazdów dwu- lub trzykołowych oraz czterokołowców, (Regulation (EU) No 168/2013 on the approval and market surveillance of two- or three-wheeled vehicles and quadricycles): https://eur-lex.europa.eu/lega... (accessed on: 12 September 2023).
39.
Rozporządzenie wykonawcze Komisji (UE) 2019/621 z dnia 17 kwietnia 2019 r. w sprawie informacji technicznych niezbędnych do badania zdatności do ruchu drogowego elementów podlegających badaniu, w sprawie stosowania zalecanych metod badań oraz ustanawiające szczegółowe przepisy dotyczące formatu danych i procedur dostępu do odpowiednich informacji technicznych, (Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/621 of 17 April 2019 on technical information necessary for testing the roadworthiness of items subject to test, on the application of recommended test methods, and laying down detailed rules on the data format and procedures for access to relevant technical information): https://eur-lex.europa.eu/lega... (accessed on: 12 September 2023).
41.
Tan K.S., Wong S.V., Megat Ahmad M.M.H.: Effects of layout design changes on frontal crash behaviour of small motorcycles. International Journal of Crashworthiness. 2017, 22(2), 111–128, DOI: 10.1080/13588265.2016.1230926.
42.
Van Auken R.M., Zellner J.W., Smith T., Rogers N.M.: Development of an improved neck injury assessment criteria for the ISO 13232 motorcyclist anthropometric test dummy. 19th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles. Washington, DC, 2005.
43.
Wöhrl K., Geisbauer C., Lott S., Nebl C., Schweiger H.G., Goertz R., et al.: Scenarios Involving Accident-Damaged Electric Vehicles. Transportation Research Procedia. 2021, 55, 1484–1489, DOI: 10.1016/j.trpro.2021.07.136.
44.
Wood D.P., Glynn C. Walsh D.: Motorcycle-to-car and scooter-to-car collisions: speed estimation from permanent deformation. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering. 2009, 223(6), 737–756, DOI: 10.1243/09544070JAUTO1069.
Share
RELATED ARTICLE
Korzystamy z plików cookie (oraz innych podobnych technologii) i przetwarzamy unikalne identyfikatory oraz dane przeglądarki – w celu umożliwienia funkcjonowania naszej strony internetowej. Więcej informacji o tym jak przetwarzamy Twoje dane osobowe znajdziesz w
