RESEARCH PAPER
Statistical analysis of trends in Battery Electric Vehicles: Special reference to vehicle weight reduction, electric motor, battery, and interior space dimensions
1
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Montenegro, Montenegro
2
Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Serbia
Submission date: 2024-03-31
Final revision date: 2024-06-04
Acceptance date: 2024-06-12
Publication date: 2024-06-26
Corresponding author
Marko Lučić
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Montenegro, 81000, Podgorica, Montenegro
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Montenegro, 81000, Podgorica, Montenegro
The Archives of Automotive Engineering – Archiwum Motoryzacji 2024;104(2):63-96
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
Vehicle constructionElectric vehiclesElectric vehicle motors and drive systemsElectric vehicle power supply systems
ABSTRACT
Electric vehicles (EVs) are increasingly being used, as they are more environmentally friendly than conventional vehicles with internal combustion engines (ICE). Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) can be said to have zero exhaust emissions only if the electricity used to drive these vehicles is obtained in an environmentally friendly way. It is common knowledge that BEVs have a significantly higher overall mass than conventional vehicles. The significantly higher total vehicle weight of BEVs can have various adverse effects on energy consumption during movement and the vehicle's dynamics. In contrast to the negative aspects of BEVs, there are also positive aspects that are primarily related to the comfort of drivers and passengers, considering the main fact that they do not require the presence of a floor tunnel. In this paper, trends related to BEVs in the previous five years were statistically analysed. Changes in average sizes related to BEVs are shown, primarily internal dimensions that can be of crucial importance when deciding between BEVs and conventional vehicles. In the paper itself, other important trends are presented, both for the electric motor itself and for the batteries used in BEVs.
REFERENCES (39)
1.
De Abreu VHS, Santos AS, Monteiro TGM. Climate Change Impacts on the Road Transport Infrastructure: A Systematic Review on Adaptation Measures. Sustainability. 2022;14(14):8864. https://doi.org/10.3390/su1414....
2.
Burchart-Korol D, Folęga P. Impact of road transport means on climate change and human health in Poland. Promet – Traffic & Transportation. 2019;31(2):195–204. https://doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v3....
3.
The European Green Deal - European Commission 2023. Available from: https://commission. europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal_en (accessed on March 27, 2024).
4.
IEA IEA. Energy Statistics Data Browser – Data Tools - IEA. Available from: https://www.iea.org/data-and-s... (accessed on March 27, 2024).
5.
Wenlong S, Xiaokai C, Lu W. Analysis of energy saving and emission reduction of vehicles using light weight materials. Energy Procedia. 2016;88:889–893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyp....
6.
Beddows DCS, Harrison RM. PM10 and PM2.5 emission factors for non-exhaust particles from road vehicles: Dependence upon vehicle mass and implications for battery electric vehicles. Atmospheric Environment. 2021;244:117886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmo....
7.
Galvin R. Are electric vehicles getting too big and heavy? Modelling future vehicle journeying demand on a decarbonized US electricity grid. Energy Policy. 2022;161:112746. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENPO....
8.
Zhou W. Cleaver CJ, Dunant CF, Allwood JM, Lin J. Cost, range anxiety and future electricity supply: A review of how today’s technology trends may influence the future uptake of BEVs. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2023;173:113074. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser....
9.
Nicoletti L, Romano A, König A, Köhler P, Heinrich M, Lienkamp M. An estimation of the lightweight potential of battery electric vehicles. Energies. 2021;14(15):4655. https://doi.org/10.3390/en1415....
10.
Wolfram P, Tu Q, Heeren N, Pauliuk S, Hertwich EG. Material efficiency and climate change mitigation of passenger vehicles. Journal of Industrial Ecology. 2021;25(2):494–510. https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.1....
11.
Bull M. Mass Reduction Performance of PEV and PHEV Vehicles. 22nd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). 2011, Washington.
12.
Redelbach M, Klötzke M, Friedrich HE. Impact of lightweight design on energy consumption and cost effectiveness of alternative powertrain concepts. European electric Vehicle Conference. 2012, Brussels, Belgium. Available from: https://elib.dlr.de/80771/ (accessed on March 27, 2024).
13.
Sivert A, Betin F, Vacossin B, Lequeu T, Bosson M. Optimization of the mass for a low-power electric vehicle and consumption estimator (e-bike , e-velomobile and e-car ). WSEAS Transactions on Advances in Engineering Education. 2015;12:105–114.
14.
Naourez B, Tounsi S, Neji R, Sellami F. Modelling and optimization of electric motor mass to improve electric vehicle cost and consumption. International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals & Devices, 2007, Tunisia.
15.
Hofer J, Wilhelm E, Schenler W. Optimal lightweighting in battery electric vehicles. World Electric Vehicle Journal. 2012;5(3):751–762. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj50....
16.
Hofer J, Wilhelm E, Schenler W. Comparing the mass, energy, and cost effects of lightweighting in conventional and electric passenger vehicles. Journal of Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems. 2014;2(3):284–295. https://doi.org/10.13044/j.sde....
17.
Del Pero F, Berzi L, Antonacci A, Delogu M. Automotive lightweight design: Simulation modeling of mass-related consumption for electric vehicles. Machines. 2020;8(3):51. https://doi.org/10.3390/machin....
18.
Berjoza D, Jurgena I. Influence of batteries weight on electric automobile performance. Engineering for Rural Development. 2017;16:1388–1394. https://doi.org/10.22616/ERDev....
19.
Josijević M, Živković D, Gordić D, Končalović D, Vukašinović V. The Analysis of Commercially Available Electric Cars. Mobility & vehicle mechanics. 2022;48(1):19–36. https://doi.org/10.24874/mvm.2....
20.
Berjoza D, Jurgena I. Effects of change in the weight of electric vehicles on their performance characteristics. Agronomy Research. 2017;15(S1):952–963.
21.
Wazeer A, Das A, Abeykoon C, Sinha A, Karmakar A. Composites for electric vehicles and automotive sector: a review. Green Energy and Intelligent Transportation. 2023;2(1):100043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geit....
22.
Zhang J, Ning L, Hao Y, Sang T. Topology optimization for crashworthiness and structural design of a battery electric vehicle. International Journal of Crashworthiness. 2021;26(6):651–660. https://doi.org/10.1080/135882....
23.
Carrick C, Kim IY. Packaging optimization using the dynamic vector fields method. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering. 2019;120(7):860–879. https://doi.org/10.1002/nme.61....
24.
Miao Y, Blouin VY, Fadel GM. Multi-Objective Configuration Optimization With Vehicle Dynamics Applied to Midsize Truck Design. ASME 2003 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. 2003;2A:319–317, Illinois, USA. https://doi.org/10.1115/DETC20....
25.
Venkitaraman AK, Kosuru VSR. Trends and Challenges in Electric Vehicle Motor Drivelines - A Review. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering Systems. 2023;14(4):485–95. https://doi.org/10.32985/ijece....
26.
Mohan R, HariRam V, Subramanian M. New mass optimization technique to achieve low mass BIW designs using optimal material layout methodology on the frontal vehicle crash. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology. 2016;30(12):5617–5623. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206....
27.
Kacar I, Durgun I, Ozturk F, Simmons RJ. A review of light duty passenger car weight reduction impact on CO2 emission. International Journal of Global Warming (IJGW). 2018;15(3):333–349. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJGW.2....
28.
Patil SA, Moradi R, Lankarani HM. Vehicle mass optimization for frontal structure using I-sight and study of weld parameterization for mass improvement. ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. Canada.2014;12. https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2....
29.
Joost WJ. Reducing vehicle weight and improving U.S. energy efficiency using integrated computational materials engineering. JOM. 2012;64(9):1032–1038. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837....
30.
Ricardo AEA. Report for European Commission – DG Climate Action: The potential for mass reduction of passenger cars and light commercial vehicles in relation to future CO2 regulatory requirements. 2015. Available from: https://climate.ec.europa.eu/s... (accessed on March 27, 2024).
31.
Bhise VD. Ergonomics in the automotive design process. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group, London. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1201/b11237.
32.
Iqbal H. Electric and hybrid vehicles: design fundamentals. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group, London. 2021.
33.
Rajasekhar MV, Perumal J, Rawte S, Nepal N. Integration and packaging for vehicle electrification. SAE Technical Papers. 2015. https://doi.org/10.4271/2015-2....
34.
König A, Telschow D, Nicoletti L, Lienkamp M. Package planning of autonomous vehicle concepts. Proceedings of the Design Society. 2021;1:2369–2378. https://doi.org/10.1017/pds.20....
35.
Belingardi G, Scattina A. Battery Pack and Underbody: Integration in the Structure Design for Battery Electric VehicleS - Challenges and Solutions. Vehicles. 2023;5(2):498–514. https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicl....
36.
Patel R, Kumar S. Analysis of Packaging issues in current Electric vehicles. International Journal of Engineering Research and Application. 2017;7(8):50–55. https://doi.org/10.9790/9622-0....
37.
El Hadraoui H, Zegrari M, Chebak A, Laayati O, Guennouni N. A Multi-Criteria Analysis and Trends of Electric Motors for Electric Vehicles. World Electric Vehicle Journal. 2022;13(4):65. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13....
38.
Fraser A. In-wheel electric motors The Packaging and Integration Challenges. 10th International CTI Symposium. Berlin. 2011.
39.
EVSpecifications - Electric vehicle specifications, electric car news, EV comparisons n.d. https://www.evspecifications.c... (accessed on March 27, 2024).
Korzystamy z plików cookie (oraz innych podobnych technologii) i przetwarzamy unikalne identyfikatory oraz dane przeglądarki – w celu umożliwienia funkcjonowania naszej strony internetowej. Więcej informacji o tym jak przetwarzamy Twoje dane osobowe znajdziesz w
