PL EN
RESEARCH PAPER
Comprehensive review on evolution, progression, design, and exploration of electric bicycle
 
More details
Hide details
1
Mechanical Engineering, Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology, India
 
2
Mechanical Engineering, PSV College of Engineering and Technology, India
 
3
Mechanical Engineering, Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, India
 
4
Mechanical Engineering, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, India
 
 
Submission date: 2024-01-24
 
 
Final revision date: 2024-06-15
 
 
Acceptance date: 2024-07-22
 
 
Publication date: 2024-09-23
 
 
Corresponding author
Sathish Dhandapani   

Mechanical Engineering, Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology, 641048, Coimbatore, India
 
 
The Archives of Automotive Engineering – Archiwum Motoryzacji 2024;105(3):5-43
 
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Many countries are moving to electric vehicles for daily transportation due to the scarcity of fossil fuels and the pollution emissions from internal combustion engines. The most promising technique to manage environmental pollution and energy security is the employment of electric vehicles. The electric bicycle is gaining an abundance of attention due to the various advantages of electric vehicles. Recently, people started using electric bicycles on a regular basis, and it is a suitable option for shorter daily rides. The present study was conducted using the Scopus database, which included an analysis of all papers pertaining to the content of electric bicycles up until the year 2023.The literature review delves into the profound impact and numerous benefits of electric bicycles, highlighting their potential for revolutionizing transportation. This exploration is informed by advancements in design and construction, offering insights into optimal electric bicycle development. One promising avenue for sustainability involves integrating solar technology into these vehicles, reducing reliance on conventional energy sources, and addressing environmental concerns. Discussions encompassed diverse aspects, including operation principles, throttle variations, commutation systems, self-charging mechanisms, health advantages, and solar-powered electric bicycles. To address this, the goal is to create universally acceptable electric bicycles to broaden their appeal and dispel misconceptions. In order to provide scientists and researchers with beneficial information to further optimize electric bicycles, the research fields pertaining to electric bicycles are reviewed in accordance with previous studies.
 
REFERENCES (131)
1.
Abagnale C, Cardone M, Iodice P, Strano S, Terzo M, Vorraro G. Model-based control for an innovative power-assisted bicycle. Energy Procedia. 2015;81:606–617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyp....
 
2.
Abraham DS, Verma R, Kanagaraj L, Raman SRGT, Rajamanickam N, Chokkalingam B, Sekar KM, Mihet-Popa L. Electric vehicles charging stations’ architectures, criteria, power converters, and control strategies in microgrids. Electronics. 2021;10(16):1895. https://doi.org/10.3390/electr....
 
3.
Agarwala N, Kumarb A, Varun. Sizing analysis and cost optimization of hybrid solar-diesel-battery based electric power generation system using simulated annealing technique. Distributed Generation & Alternative Energy Journal. 2012;27(3):26–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/215633....
 
4.
Arnob FF, Khan S, Bhuiyan HK. Design, Fabrication and Analysis of Chassis for Electric Bike. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology. 2022;3(4):25– 31. https://doi.org/10.35248/ ijirset.22.3(4).25-31.
 
5.
Ashok G, Chandrika K, Revanth P, Yoganandha CH, Vandana D. Design and Implementation of Electric Assisted Bicycle with Attached Dynamo. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research. 2020;6(11):309–315. https://doi.org/10.36713/epra2....
 
6.
Baek KW, Hong ES, Cha SW. Capacity fade modeling of a Lithium-ion battery for electric vehicles. International Journal of Automotive Technology. 2015;16(2):309–315. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239....
 
7.
Bansal R, Sharma A, Ali M, Shrivastav P, Yadav V, Mandloi S, Dhanotia R. Design and fabrication of electric bicycle. Advances and Applications in Mathematical Science. 2020;20(1):25–36.
 
8.
Bayati M, Abedi M, Gharehpetian GB, Farahmandrad M. Two designs for DC–DC stage of electric vehicle charging stations. Electrical Engineering. 2020;102(4):2389–2399. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202....
 
9.
Beh HZZ, Covic GA, Boys JT. Investigation of magnetic couplers in bicycle kickstands for wireless charging for electric bicycles. IEEE Journal of emerging and selected topics in power electronics. 2015;3(1):87–100. https://doi.org/10.1109/JESTPE....
 
10.
Bellur DM, Kazimierczuk MK. DC-DC converters for electric vehicle applications. Electrical Insulation Conference and Electrical Manufacturing Expo. 2007;286–293. https://doi.org/10.1109/EEIC.2....
 
11.
Berntsen S, Malnes L, Langaker A, Bere E. Physical activity when riding an electric assisted bicycle. International journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity. 2017;14(1):1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966....
 
12.
Bourne JE, Sauchelli S, Perry R, Page A, Leary S, England C, Cooper AR. Health benefits of electrically-assisted cycling: a systematic review. International journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity. 2018;15(116):1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966....
 
13.
Bucher D, Buffat R, Froemelt A, Raubal M. Energy and greenhouse gas emission reduction potentials resulting from different commuter electric bicycle adoption scenarios in Switzerland. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2019;114:109298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser....
 
14.
Cahyono SI, Anwar M, Diharjo K, Triyono T, Hapid A, Kaleg S. Finite element analysis of electric bicycle frame geometries. AIP Conference Proceedings. 2017;1788(1):030084. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4968....
 
15.
Camargos PH, Caetano RE. A performance study of a high-torque induction motor designed for light electric vehicles applications. Electrical Engineering. 2022;104(2):797–805. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202....
 
16.
Cardoso LAL, Martinez MC, Melendex AAN, Afonso JL. Dynamic Inductive Power Transfer Lane Design for E-Bikes. IEEE 19th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems. 2016;2307–2312. https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC.2....
 
17.
Chan TF, Yan LT, Fang SY. In-wheel permanent-magnet brushless dc motor drive for an electric bicycle. IEEE Transactions on energy conversion. 2002;17(2):229–233. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEC.20....
 
18.
Chandrashekar C, Agrawal P, Chatterjee P, Pawar DS. Development of E-rickshaw driving cycle (ERDC) based on micro-trip segments using random selection and K-means clustering techniques. International Association of safety Sciences research. 2021;45(4):551–560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iats....
 
19.
Chandrawanshi R, Kumar RR, Alam R, Chandra A, Kumar A. Design and fabrication of an Electric Bicycle with Auto Recharging Mechanism. International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts. 2023;11(3):750–753.
 
20.
Chaney RA, Hall PC, Crowder AR, Crookston BT, West JH. Mountain biker attitudes and perceptions of eMTBs (electric-mountain bikes). Sport Sciences for Health. 2019;15(3):577–583. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11332....
 
21.
Chaoming HSU, Liu CT, Chan DY. A reinforcement-learning-based assisted power management with QoR provisioning for human–electric hybrid bicycle. IEEE transactions on industrial electronics. 2012;59(8):3350–3359. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.20....
 
22.
Chen Y, Zhou J, Dai WP, Hu E. Application of improved bridgeless power factor correction based on one-cycle control in electric vehicle charging system. Electric Power Components and Systems. 2014;42(2):112–123. https://doi.org/10.1080/153250....
 
23.
Cheon DS, Nam KH. Pedaling torque sensor-less power assist control of an electric bike via modelbased impedance control. International journal of automotive Technology. 2017;18(2):327–333. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239....
 
24.
Choi Y, Kim YE, Moon HS, Son YW. Model Based Design and Real-Time Simulation of the Electric Bike using RT-LAB and Simulink. SAE Technical Paper Series. 2013;1–8. https://doi.org/10.4271/2013-0....
 
25.
Chouhary MB, Talpur S, Zafar T, Hussain M, Raza A, Zuberi HH. Solar Powered Electric Bike. European International Journal of Science and Technology. 2016;5(1):77–82.
 
26.
Cong J. Design of Electric Bicycle Controller. Computer and Information Science. 2009;2(2):126–130. https://doi.org/10.5539/cis.v2....
 
27.
Corno M Berretta D., Spagnol P, Savaresi SM. Design, control, and validation of a charge-sustaining parallel hybrid bicycle. IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology. 2016;24(3):817–829. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2....
 
28.
De Kruijf J, Van Der Waerden P, Feng T, Bocker L, Van Lierop D, Ettema D, Dijst M. Integrated weather effects on e-cycling in daily commuting: A longitudinal evaluation of weather effects on e-cycling in the Netherlands. Transportation research part A: policy and practice. 2021;148:305–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.....
 
29.
Delgado HE, Cappello V, Zang G, Sun P, Ng C, Vyawahare P, et al. Techno-economic analysis and life cycle analysis of e-fuel production using nuclear energy. Journal of CO2 Utilisation. 2023;72:102481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou....
 
30.
Denis N, Dubois MR, Dube R, Desrochers A. Blended power management strategy using pattern recognition for a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle. International Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems Research. 2016;14(2):101–114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13177....
 
31.
Divyapriya S, Amedha A, Vijayakumar R. Design of Solar Smart Street Light Powered Plug-in Electric Vehicle Charging Station by Using Internet of Things. The Institution of Engineers (India): Series B. 2021;102(3):477–486. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40031....
 
32.
Dorugade P, Jadhav P, Kolhe P, Mane H, Sangle U, Pardeshi K. Design & Analysis of foldable E-Bicycle. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology. 2022;9(6):2928–2933.
 
33.
Egbue O, Long S. Critical issues in the supply chain of lithium for electric vehicle batteries. Engineering Management Journal. 2012;24(3):52–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/104292....
 
34.
Erdmann JG, Koller J, Brimaire J, Dopper F. Assessment of the disassemblability of electric bicycle motors for remanufacturing. Journal of Remanufacturing. 2023;13(2):137–159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13243....
 
35.
Frizziero L, Freddi M, Bucchi G, Coltelli L, Leon-Cardenas C. Electric Bike Product Conception and Styling According to Design Trends. Designs. 2022;6(3):42. https://doi.org/10.3390/design....
 
36.
Gibson E, Van Blommestein K, Kim J, Daim T, Garces E. Forecasting the electric transformation in transportation: the role of battery technology performance. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management. 2017;29(10):1103–1120. https://doi.org/10.1080/025646....
 
37.
Hadi KA, Kuncheria JT. Simulation study of FPGA based energy efficient BLDC hub motor driven fuzzy controlled foldable e-bike. International Journal for Scientific Research & Development. 2015;3(7):554–558.
 
38.
Harikiran CH, Rithvik R, Deekshitha M. Fabrication of self-charging. Technix International Journal for Engineering Research - International research journal. 2023;10(6):382–390.
 
39.
Heimes HH, Kampker A, Kehrer M, Gerz J, Marzolla R, Zancul E. Design for Reliability and Total Cost of Ownership: the case of electric micromobility. Procedia CIRP. 2023;119:302–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proc....
 
40.
Hema Latha K. Design and Development of Solar Powered Vehicle. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology. 2019;8(8):608–615. https://doi.org/10.17577/IJERT....
 
41.
Hung NB, Lim O. A simulation and experimental study of dynamic performance and electric consumption of an electric bicycle. Energy Procedia. 2019;158:2865–2871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyp....
 
42.
Hung NB, Sung J, Kim K, Lim O. A simulation and experimental study of operating characteristics of an electric bicycle. Energy Procedia. 2017;105:2512–2517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyp....
 
43.
Hung NB, Sung J, Lim O. A simulation and experimental study of operating performance of an electric bicycle integrated with a semi-automatic transmission. Applied Energy. 2018;221:319–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apen....
 
44.
Inchara GV, Mamatha Rani CN, Zamani R, Sheila H. Conversion of traditional bicycle to electric bicycle.International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts. 2022;10(6):252–256.
 
45.
Isikli F, Surmen A, Gelen A. Modelling and performance analysis of an electric vehicle powered by a PEM fuel cell on New European Driving Cycle (NEDC). Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering. 2021;46(8):7597–7609. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369....
 
46.
Islam MDT, Iyer-Raniga U. Life cycle assessment of e-waste management system in Australia: Case of waste printed circuit board (PCB). Journal of Cleaner Production. 2023;418:138082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcle....
 
47.
Islam S, Hossain RI, Amin SS, Ferdous AKM, Azad AAM. Implementation of Torque Sensor Technology in Electric Bicycle with Solar Charging Kit. IEEE Region 10 Symposium. 2020;718–721. https://doi.org/10.1109/TENSYM....
 
48.
Jadoun RS, Choudhary SK. Design and fabrication of dual chargeable bicycle. Innovative systems design and engineering. 2014;5(8):30–40.
 
49.
Jagannati VM, Abilash C, Reddy SY, Dinesh L, Prasad PD, Hemasai R. Self-chargeable e-bicycle using dynamo. International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science. 2023;5(4):1286–1289.
 
50.
Ji F, Xu L, Wu Z. Effect of driving cycles on energy efficiency of electric vehicles. Science in China Series E: Technological Sciences. 2009;52(11):3168–3172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11431....
 
51.
Kannapiran E, Joshi K, Chougale RK, Rana N, Neeraja B, Kaur C. Smart Electric vehicle charging Station for Residential Complex. Proceedings of the 2022 International Conference on Innovative Computing, Intelligent Communication and Smart Electrical Systems, ICSES. 2022;183502. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSES5....
 
52.
Keler A, Kessler L, Fehn F, Bogenberger K. Movement Patterns of Electric Cargo Bike Commuters–First Insights from Field Experiments and Trajectory Analyses. Proceedings of the ICA. 2021;4:1–4. https://doi.org/10.5194/ica-pr....
 
53.
Kerdsup B, Fuengwarodsakul NH. Performance and cost comparison of reluctance motors used for electric bicycles. Electrical Engineering. 2017;99(2):475–486. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202....
 
54.
Keseev VP. Electric bicycle design experience and riding costs. 2020 7th International Conference on Energy Efficiency and Agricultural Engineering. 2020;1–4. https://doi.org/10.1109/EEAE49....
 
55.
Kieninger D, Hemsen J, Koller S, Uerlich R. Automated design and optimization of transmissions for electric vehicles. MTZ worldwide. 2019;80(11):88–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s38313....
 
56.
Kim DM, Jung YH, Cha KS, Lim MS. Design of Traction Motor for Mitigating Energy Consumption of Light Electric Vehicle Considering Material Properties and Drive Cycles. International Journal of Automotive Technology. 2020;21(6):1391–1399. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239....
 
57.
Koroma MS, Costa D, Puricelli S, Messagie M. Life Cycle Assessment of a novel functionally integrated e-axle compared with powertrains for electric and conventional passenger cars. Science of the Total Environment. 2023;904:166860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scit....
 
58.
Kumar DR, Prasad PG, Santhosh S, Raja CV. Solar powered electric bicycle. International research journal of engineering and technology. 2019;6(3):4422–4424.
 
59.
Kumar R. Solar bicycle project. Journal of student research. 2022;11(3). https://doi.org/10.47611/jsrhs....
 
60.
Kumar VV, Karthik A, Roshan A, Kumar AJ. Design and Implementation of Electric Assisted Bicycle with Self Recharging Mechanism. Proceedings of International Conference on Innovations & Advances in Science. Engineering and Technology. 2014;3(5):485–492.
 
61.
Kumaresan J, Govindaraju C. Development of a Power Management Algorithm for PV/Battery Powered Plug-In Dual Drive Hybrid Electric Vehicle (DDHEV). Electric Power Components and Systems. 2020;48(1-2):70–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/153250....
 
62.
Kuskova NI, Boguslavskii LZ, Smal’ko AA, Zubenko AA. Obtaining nanocarbon using the electric-discharge treatment method of organic liquids. Surface Engineering and Applied Electrochemistry. 2007;43(4):269–275. https://doi.org/10.3103/S10683....
 
63.
Lee H, Jeong J, Park YI, Cha SW. Energy management strategy of hybrid electric vehicle using battery state of charge trajectory information. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing-Green Technology. 2017;4(1):79–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40684....
 
64.
Lee J, Roh TS, Huh H, Lee HJ. Performance analysis and mass estimation of a small-sized liquid rocket engine with electric-pump cycle. International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences. 2020;22(1):94–107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42405....
 
65.
Li XY, Chiu YJ, Sun KK, Li SB, Su D. The Design of Solar Bike. 7th International Conference on Management, Education, Information and Control. 2017;156:78–84. https://doi.org/10.2991/meici-....
 
66.
Lin CC, Huang SJ, Liu CC. Structural analysis and optimization of bicycle frame designs. Advances in Mechanical Engineering. 2017;9(12):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/168781....
 
67.
Madhavi N, Shirke M, Kharpade P, Shaikh M, Bandewar A. Battery Charged Power Cycle. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research. 2018;9(5):109–114.
 
68.
Manoj E, Isa D, Arelhi R. Supercapacitor/battery hybrid powered electric bicycle via a smart boost converter. World Electric Vehicle Journal. 2010;4(2):280–286. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj40....
 
69.
McLoughlin IV, Narendra IK, Koh LH, Nguyen QH, Seshadri B, Zengh W. Campus mobility for the future: the electric bicycle. Journal of Transportation Technologies. 2012;2:1–12. https://doi.org/10.4236/jtts.2....
 
70.
Mehtre VV, Kumar P, Samule KF, Verma A. Electric Bike using Lithium ION Battery. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology. 2020;7(7):662–666.
 
71.
Meyer D, Zhang W, Tomizuka M, Senner V. Heart rate regulation with different heart rate reference profiles for electric bicycle riders. Procedia Manufacturing. 2015;3:4213–4220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prom....
 
72.
Mithesh M, Budhvani MK, Sapovadiya KM, Pansuriya DH, Chirag DA. Design & Development of E-Bike-A Review. Iconic research and engineering journals. 2017;1(5):36–43.
 
73.
Mohamed A, Bigazzi A. Speed and road grade dynamics of urban trips on electric and conventional bicycles. Transportmetrica B: Transport dynamics. 2019;7(1):1467–1480. https://doi.org/10.1080/216805....
 
74.
Mondal A, Saha H. Low Cost Digital Battery Life Cycle Tester. Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers Technical Review. 1994;11(5-6):347–-351. https://doi.org/10.1080/025646....
 
75.
Mouselinos TP, Syrigos SP, Tatakis EC. A unified confined band pwm with duty cycle and frequency compensation for multilevel inverters. IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Industrial Electronics. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1109/JESTIE....
 
76.
Muetze A, Tan YC. Electric bicycles – “A performance evaluation”. IEEE industry applications magazine. 2007;13(4):12–21. https://doi.org/10.1109/MIA.20....
 
77.
Musasa K, Muheme MI, Nwulu NI, Muchie M. A simplified control scheme for electric vehicle-power grid circuit with DC distribution and battery storage systems. African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development. 2019;11(3):369–374. https://doi.org/10.1080/204213....
 
78.
Nagwe SS, Sangale V, Sangale T, Sapkale J, Singh A. Solar E-Bicycle. International Journal of Advance Research and Innovative Ideas in Education. 2019;5(1):590–596. https://doi.org/16.0415/IJARII....
 
79.
Nigam P, Sahu D, Bisen AM. Design and Development of Modern Electric Bike. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology. 2020;9(11):527–535. https://doi.org/10.17577/IJERT....
 
80.
Patil MB, Patil SD, Saankapal RS, Patil AP, Rajput OA, Shinde SS. Self power generating electric bike. International Journal of Advance Research, Ideas and Innovations In Technology. 2020;6(3):525–530.
 
81.
Peterman JE, Morris KL, Kram R, Byrnes WC. Pedelecs as a physically active transportation mode. European journal of applied physiology. 2016;116(8):1565–1573. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421....
 
82.
Plazier P, Weitkamp G, Van den Berg A. E-bikes in rural areas: current and potential users in the Netherlands. Transportation. 2023;50(4):1449–1470. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116....
 
83.
Polanía-Restrepo S, Jaramillo-Gonzalez S, Osorio-Gomez G. Electric hybridization kit for modification of a manual transmission motorcycle. International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing. 2020;14(2):587–594. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12008....
 
84.
Pompas L, Brumercík F, Kucera L, Smetanka L. Design of a Bicycle's Structural Components and a Comparison of Their Characteristics in Steel, Aluminum and Carbon. Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina. 2023;25(3):259–267. https://doi.org/10.26552/com.C....
 
85.
Chandran P, Mylsamy K, Umapathy P. Conceptual design and material analysis of BLDC motor using FEA tools for electric vehicle applications. Tehnicki vjesnik. 2022;29(3):1010–1018. https://doi.org/10.17559/TV-20....
 
86.
Procopiuck M, Segovia YNS, Procopiuck APV. Urban cycling mobility: management and urban institutional arrangements to support bicycle tourism activities study from Curitiba, Brazil. Transportation. 2021;48(4):2055–2080. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116....
 
87.
Radoslav B, Moroslav K, Guzan M, Tomcikova I, Melnykov V. GPS cycle computer. International Conference on Modern Electrical and Energy Systems. 2017;256–259. 10.1109/MEES.2017.8248904.
 
88.
Ramadhan A., Dinata R: Development of electric bicycle and its impact on the environment. IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2021, 1122, 012054(1-8). https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-8....
 
89.
Ramash KK, Anandhi TS, Vijayakrishna B, Mohanty M, Siva Ramkumar M, Shivappa HA, et al. Modified Mechanical Structure Electric Bike Design Computation and Prototype Model Implementation. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering. 2021;2021:3673172. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/3....
 
90.
Ramash KK, Aswin K, Hariharan S, Rilwan SM, Poonkundran T, Vinothni A, et al. Design and Fabrication of Electric Vehicle for Physically Challenged Person. International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering. 2019;8(10):4297–4300. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijite....
 
91.
Reis AF, Baptista P, Moura F. How to promote the environmental sustainability of shared e-scooters: A life-cycle analysis based on a case study from Lisbon, Portugal. Journal of Urban Mobility. 2023;3:100044. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urbm....
 
92.
Rerat P. The rise of the e-bike: Towards an extension of the practice of cycling?. Mobilities. 2021;16(3):423–439. https://doi.org/10.1080/174501....
 
93.
Rios-Torres J, Liu J, Khattak A. Fuel consumption for various driving styles in conventional and hybrid electric vehicles: Integrating driving cycle predictions with fuel consumption optimization. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation. 2019;13(2):123–137. https://doi.org/10.1080/155683....
 
94.
Rose G. E-bikes and urban transportation: emerging issues and unresolved questions. Transportation. 2012;39(1):81–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116....
 
95.
Salmeron-Manzano E, Manzano-Agugliaro F. The Electric bicycle: Worldwide research trends. Energies journal. 2018;11(7):1894. https://doi.org/10.3390/en1107....
 
96.
Sharma Y, Banker P, Raikwar Y, Chauhan Y, Sharma M. R&D on Electric Bike. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology. 2018;5:610–614.
 
97.
Sheth M, Butrina P, Goodchild A, McCormack E. Measuring delivery route cost trade-offs between electric-assist cargo bicycles and delivery trucks in dense urban areas. European transport research review. 2019;11(1):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12544....
 
98.
Shiva Kumar D, Rajasekhar G, Rabu D. Design and Fabrication of E-Bike. Journal of Engineering Science. 2021;12(1):45–48. https://doi.org/10.15433.JES.2....
 
99.
Silva LCA, Eckert JJ, Lourenco MA, Silva FL, Correa FC, Dedini FG. Electric vehicle battery-ultracapacitor hybrid energy storage system and drivetrain optimization for a real-world urban driving scenario. Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering. 2021;43(5):1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430....
 
100.
Sleptsov MA, Omara AM. Simulation of the Movement of an Electric Vehicle in the Standard Cycle. Russian Electrical Engineering. 2019;90(2):167–173. https://doi.org/10.3103/S10683....
 
101.
Smethurst P. A flaneur on wheels? Bicycle mobility and the sociological gaze in Edward Thomas's In Pursuit of Spring. Studies in Travel Writing. 2014;18(3):249–263. https://doi.org/10.1080/136451....
 
102.
Soeprapto S, Hasanah RN, Taufik T. Battery management system on electric bike using Lithium-Ion 18650. International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems. 2019;10(3):1529–1537. http://doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds....
 
103.
Somchaiwong N, Ponglangka W. Regenerative power control for electric bicycle. SICE2006 SICEICASE International Joint Conference, Korea 2006. https://doi.org/10.1109/SICE.2....
 
104.
Song W, Zhang X, Tian Y, Xi LH. A charging management-based intelligent control strategy for extended-range electric vehicles. Journal of Zhejiang University-Science A. 2016;11(17):903–910. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.A....
 
105.
Sundfor HB, Fyhri A. A push for public health: the effect of e-bikes on physical activity levels. BMC public health. 2017;17:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.....
 
106.
Tabei F, Askarian B, Chong JW. Accident Detection System for Bicycle Riders. IEEE Sensors Journal. 2021;21(2):878–885. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2....
 
107.
Tagde D, Ingle P, Rangari S, Dongre G, Upadhye N. Solar powered electric cycle. International journal of advanced research in science, communication and technology. 2022;2(6):448–455. https://doi.org/10.48175/IJARS....
 
108.
Taherzadeh E, Javadi S, Dabbaghjamanesh M. New optimal power management strategy for series plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. International Journal of Automotive Technology. 2018;19(6):1061–1069. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239....
 
109.
Tal G, Raghavan SS. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle observed utility factor: Why the observed electrification performance differ from expectations. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation. 2020;16(2):105–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/155683....
 
110.
Talukder P, Soori PK. Integration of Parabolic Trough Collectors with Natural Gas Combined Cycle Power Plants in United Arab Emirates. International Conference on Smart Grid and Clean Energy Technologies. 2015;62–69. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSGCE....
 
111.
Tanaka Y, Murakami T. A study on straight-line tracking and posture control in electric bicycle. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. 2009;56(1):159–168. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.20....
 
112.
Tanik E, Parlaktas V. Design of a very light L7e electric vehicle prototype. International Journal of Automotive Technology. 2015;16(6):997–1005. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239....
 
113.
Thomas A. Electric bicycles and cargo bikes-Tools for parents to keep on biking in auto-centric communities? Findings from a US metropolitan area. International journal of sustainable transportation. 2021;16(7):637–646. https://doi.org/10.1080/155683....
 
114.
Kivevele T, Raja T, Pirouzfar V, Waluyo B, Setiyo M. LPG-fueled vehicles: An overview of technology and market trend. Automotive Experiences. 2020;3(1):6–19. https://doi.org/10.31603/ae.v3....
 
115.
Tian F, Sui L, Zeng Y, Li B, Zhou X, Wang L, et al. Hardware Design and Test of a Gear-Shifting Control System of a Multi-gear Transmission for Electric Vehicles. Automotive Innovation. 2019;2(3):212–222. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42154....
 
116.
Udhaya Sankar G, Ganesa Moorthy C, RajKumar G. Smart storage systems for electric vehicles – a review. Smart Science. 2018;7(1):1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/230804....
 
117.
Uerlich R, Sanalkumar KA, Bokelmann T, Vietor T. Finite element analysis considering packaging efficiency of innovative battery pack designs. International Journal of Crashworthiness. 2020;25(6):664–679. https://doi.org/10.1080/135882....
 
118.
Ustun O, Tanc G, Kivanc OC, Tosun G. In Pursuit of Proper BLDC Motor Design for Electric Bicycles. 2016 XXII International Conference on Electrical Machines (ICEM), IEEE. 2016;1808–1814. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICELMA....
 
119.
Uyar O, Cunkaş M, Karaca H. Enhanced intelligent control with adaptive system for electrically assisted bicycle. Engineering Science and Technology and International Journal. 2022;30:101047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jest....
 
120.
Van Cauwenberg J, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Clarys P, De Geus B, Deforche B. E-bikes among older adults: benefits, disadvantages, usage and crash characteristics. Transportation. 2018;46(6):2151–2172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116....
 
121.
Venugopal P, Vigneswaran T, Sofana SR. State of charge estimation of lithium batteries in electric vehicles using IndRNN. Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers Journal of Research. 2021;69(5):2886–2896. https://doi.org/10.1080/037720....
 
122.
Wei L, Tan Y, Liu H, Pu Y. Electric cyclist injury of the collision between right turn of truck and electric bicycle. Computer methods in biomechanics and biomedical engineering. 2021;24(13):1463–1472. https://doi.org/10.1080/102558....
 
123.
Weiss M, Dekker P, Moro A, Scholz H, Patel MK. On the electrification of road transportation – a review of the environmental, economic, and social performance of electric two-wheelers. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. 2015;41:348–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.....
 
124.
Xia C, Zhang C. Real-time optimization power-split strategy for hybrid electric vehicles. Science China Technological Sciences. 2016;59(5):814–824. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11431....
 
125.
Xiao D, Liu X, Du W, Wang J, He T. Application of topology optimization to design an electric bicycle main frame. Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization. 2012;46(6):913–929. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00158....
 
126.
Yu R, Zhao H, Zhang C, Wang Z. Analysis of risk-taking behaviors of electric bicycle riders in response to pedestrian countdown signal devices. Traffic injury prevention. 2019;20(2):182–188. https://doi.org/10.1080/153895....
 
127.
Zhang S, Pang Z, Gao J, Dai Q, Liu X, Shen Y, et al. Functional analysis of the cell cycle protein E gene (ccne) in ovarian development of the white ridgetail prawn, Exopalaemon carinicauda. Aquaculture Reports. 2023;32:10171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqre....
 
128.
Zheng C, Wang Y, Liu Z, Sun T, Kim N, Jeong J, et al. A hybrid energy storage system for an electric vehicle and its effectiveness validation. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing-Green Technology. 2021;8(6):1739–1754. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40684....
 
129.
Zhou J, Shen Y, Guo Y, Dong S. Exploring the factors affecting electric bicycle riders' working conditions and crash involvement in Ningbo, China. Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering. 2023;10(4):633–646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtte....
 
130.
Zhu H, Pei Z. Data-driven layout design for regional battery swapping stations for electric bicycles. IFAC-PapersOnLine. 2020;53(5):13–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifac....
 
131.
Zuev D. E-bike as a technological innovation system in China: transition to the stage of institutionalized certainty?. Applied Mobilities. 2020;5(3):251–270. https://doi.org/10.1080/238001....
 
Declaration of availability
 
eISSN:2084-476X
Journals System - logo
Scroll to top